People are more frightened of being lonely than of
being hungry, or being deprived of sleep, or of having their sexual needs
unfulfilled (Frieda Fromm Reichmenn).
Paralanguage includes
Facial expressions
Tones of voice
Gestures
Eye contact
Spatial arrangements
Patterns of touch
Expressive movements
Silence
Paralanguage may be:
Complementary
Unconscious
Learned
Universals and Cultural Variations
eyebrow flash, the nose
wrinkle
basic emotions:
--happiness, sadness,
disgust, fear, anger, and surprise
The functions of
nonverbal communication
To repeat what was said
verbally
To complement what was said
verbally
To contradict what was said
verbally
To substitute for what
would be said verbally
To regulate and manage the
communication event
Nonverbal communication
divided into
Kinesic
and Proxemic acts
Kinesics: The
study of nonverbal gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and body posture
Proxemics: The
study of the use of space, touch, and distance as features of nonverbal
communication.
Could
reflect social status and gender: In North America
Dominance versus
subordination
---more
space---take less space
---stare at
others ---less eye contact
--- smile
more-- smile less
Proxemics
Edward, T Hall in 1963
refers to touch and issues of personal space
All nonverbal communication is best understood within cultural context
